::5th Week:: Learning Theories & ID

::LEARNING THEORY???::
What is that really means??
Learning theory is a model of psychology that explains human responses through the concept of learning. Learning theory includes behaviorism, cognitive theory, and constructivism.

Behaviorism

From my reading, behaviorism base on the change of the behavior that can be seen. This theory emphasize on the style of repeated behavior until it can be done automatically. A few experiments have been done to prove this theory. For example, the experiment that has been done by:
1. Pavlov (1849 - 1936)
2. Thorndike (1874-1949)
3. Watson (1878 - 1958)
4. Skinner (1904 - 1990)

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Cognitive Theory

Cognitive theory is base on the thinking instead of behavior. The changes of behavior are used as the signal to show the thinking process. Cognitive theory also looks the learning process as "getting or restructured whereas human process and keep the information". Jean Piaget is one of the master of cognitive theory.

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Constructivisme

Constructivisme base on the experience, so that anybody can build his or her own knowledge from the prior knowledge. In this way, the learning process is more meaningful and knowledgable.

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::INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN::

Instructional Design is the systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning.

To make it clear, there are examples to differentiate the 3 learning theory in instructional design process as below :

• Behaviorist believe that learning result in changing the learning behaviour
  
• Cognitivists believe that learning occurs when learners add new concepts and ideas to their cognitive structure
• Constructivists believe that the learners construct knowledge for themselves
  

After get some informations that related to learning theories and instructional design, now we will meet another elements that can guide the developer to build the webpage which is INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL. There are many instructional design model ...for example....

1. ADDIE MODEL

Analysis

• During analysis, the designer identifies the learning problem, the goals and objectives, the audience’s needs, existing knowledge, and any other relevant characteristics. Analysis also considers the learning environment, any constraints, the delivery options, and the timeline for the project.

Design

• A systematic process of specifying learning objectives. Detailed storyboards and prototypes are often made, and the look and feel, graphic design, user-interface and content is determined here.

Development

• The actual creation (production) of the content and learning materials based on the Design phase.

Implementation

• During implementation, the plan is put into action and a procedure for training the learner and teacher is developed. Materials are delivered or distributed to the student group. After delivery, the effectiveness of the training materials is evaluated.

Evaluation

• This phase consists of (1) formative and (2) summative evaluation. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users.

2. ASSURE MODEL


3. DICK AND CAREY MODEL


4. WATERFALL MODEL